|
Justice in economics is a subcategory of welfare economics with models frequently representing the ethical-social requirements of a given theory,〔• Developed along more general lines in Allan Gibbard, 1990, ''Wise Choices, Apt Feelings''. (Description ) and chapter-preview (links. ) • Marc Fleurbaey, 2008. "ethics and economics," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract ).〕 whether "in the large," as of a just social order,〔For example, in Barry Clark and Herbert Gintis, 1978, "Rawlsian Justice and Economic Systems," ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'', 7(4), pp. (302 )-325.〕 or "in the small," as in the equity of "how institutions distribute specific benefits and burdens."〔The latter is the subject of H. Peyton Young, 1994, ''Equity: In Theory and Practice'', Princeton University Press, discussed in general terms and as quoted, pp. (6-7 ); (description ), (preview ), and (chapter 1 ) (via scrolling).〕 That theory may or may not elicit acceptance. In the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes 'justice' is scrolled to at JEL: D63, wedged on the same line between 'Equity' and 'Inequality' along with 'Other Normative Criteria and Measurement'. Categories above and below the line are Externalities and Altruism.〔• Peter J. Hammond, 1987. "altruism," ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 1, pp. 85-87. • James Andreoni, William T. Harbaugh, and Lise Vesterlund, 2008. "altruism in experiments," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. (Abstract ).〕 Some ideas about justice and ethics overlap with the origins of economic thought,〔Joseph J. Spengler, 1980. ''Origins of Economic Thought and Justice''. Link to 1-page chapter-content (previews ).〕 often as to distributive justice〔• Edmund S. Phelps, ed., 1973. ''Economic Justice: Selected Readings''. Penguin. • _____, ed., 1987. "distributive justice," ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 1, pp. 886-88.〕 and sometimes as to Marxian analysis.〔• Norman Geras, 1985. "The Controversy about Marx and Justice," ''New Left Review'', 150, pp. 47-85. • J.E.Roemer, 1987. "Marxian value analysis". ''The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics'', v. 3, pp. 383-87.〕 The subject is a topic of normative economics and philosophy and economics.〔• Marc Fleurbaey, 2008. ("Economics and Economic Justice" ), ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. • Daniel M. Hausman and Michael S. McPherson, 2005, 2nd Ed. ''Economic Analysis and Moral Philosophy'', Part III: Liberty, rights, equality, and justice. pp. 157-214. Drill to preview (extracts. ) • Julian Lamont, 2007. ("Distributive Justice" ), ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. • Julian Le Grand, 1991. ''Equity and Choice: An Essay in Economics and Applied Philosophy''. Chapter preview ( links. ) • Phillipe Mongin, 2000. ("Is There Progress in Normative Economics?" ), same title in Stephan Boehm, et al., eds., 2002, ''Is There Progress in Economics?''.〕 In early welfare economics, where mentioned, 'justice' was little distinguished from maximization of all individual utility functions or a social welfare function. As to the latter, Paul Samuelson (1947),〔Paul A. Samuelson, 1947. ''Foundations of Economic Analysis'', ch. VIII ("Welfare Economics"), p. 221.〕 expanding on work of Abram Bergson, represents a social welfare function in general terms as any ethical belief system required to order any (hypothetically feasible) social states for the entire society as "better than," "worse than," or "indifferent to" each other. Kenneth Arrow (1963) showed a difficulty of trying to extend a social welfare function consistently across different hypothetical ordinal utility functions even apart from justice.〔Kenneth J. Arrow, 1963. ''Social Choice and Individual Values'', 2nd ed.〕 Utility maximization survives, even with the rise of ordinal-utility/Pareto theory, as an ethical basis for economic-policy judgments〔• Jonathan Riley, 2008. "utilitarianism and economic theory," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. ) • Charles Blackorby, Walter Bossert, and David Donaldson, 2002. "Utilitarianism and the Theory of Justice," ''Handbook of Social Choice and Welfare'', v. 1, ch. 11, pp. 543-596. (Abstract. ) • A.B. Atkinson, 1982. ''Social Justice and Public Policy.'' (Description ) and scroll to chapter-preview (links. ) 〕 in the wealth-maximization criterion invoked in law and economics.〔• Richard A. Posner, 1981. ''The Economics of Justice''. (Description ) and chapter links, pp. (xi )-(xiii. ) • Peter J. Hammond, 1982. "''The Economics of Justice'' and the Criterion of Wealth Maximization," ''Yale Law Journal'', 91(7), p(p. 1493 )-1507. • Richard Schmalbeck, 1983. "The Justice of Economics: An Analysis of Wealth Maximization as a Normative Goal," ''Columbia Law Review'', 83(2), pp. (488-525 ). • Denis J. Brion, 2000. "Norms & Values in Law & Economics," in ''Encyclopedia of Law & Economics'', v. 1, pp. (1041-1071 ). • Louis Kaplow and Steven Shavell, 2003. Fairness versus Welfare: Notes on the Pareto Principle, Preferences, and Distributive Justice," ''Journal of Legal Studies'', 32(1), pp. (331-362. ) • A. Mitchell Polinsky and Steven Shavell, 2008. "law, economic analysis of," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. )〕 Amartya Sen (1970),〔Amartya K. Sen, 1970 (). ''Collective Choice and Social Welfare'' ((description) ): :ch. 9, "Equity and Justice," pp. 131-51. :ch. 9 *, "Impersonality and Collective Quasi-Orderings," pp. 152-160.〕 Kenneth Arrow (1983),〔• Kenneth J. Arrow, 1983. ''Collected Papers'', v. 1, ''Social Choice and Justice''. (Description ), ( contents ), and chapter-preview (links. ) • Amartya Sen, 1985. "Social Choice and Justice: A Review Article," ''Journal of Economic Literature'', 23(4), pp. 1764-76. Review of Arrow, 1983. Reprinted in Sen, 2003, ''Rationality and Freedom'', pp. (325-348 ).〕 Serge-Christophe Kolm (1969, 1996, 2000),〔• Serge-Christophe Kolm, 1969. "The Optimal Production of Social Justice," in J. Margolis and H. Guitton (eds.), ''Public Economics'', Macmillan. • _____, 1996. ''Modern Theories of Justice''. ( Description ) and scroll to chapter-preview (links. ) MIT Press. • _____, () 2000. ''Justice and Equity''. (Description ) & scroll to chapter-preview (links. ) MIT Press. 〕 and others have considered ways in which utilitarianism as an approach to justice is constrained or challenged by independent claims of equality in the distribution of primary goods, liberty, entitlements,〔• Robert Nozick, 1974. ''Anarchy, State, and Utopia''. • John Rawls, 1971, ''A Theory of Justice''.〕 opportunity,〔• John E. Roemer, 2008 "equality of opportunity," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,'' 2nd Edition. (Abstract ). • _____, 1998. ''Equality of Opportunity'', Harvard University Press. (Description ) and scrollable (preview ).〕 exclusion of antisocial preferences, possible capabilities,〔Amartya K. Sen, 1985. ''Commodities and Capabilities''. (Description. ) 〕 and fairness as non-envy plus Pareto efficiency.〔Amartya Sen, () 2008. "justice," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,'' 2nd Edition. (Abstract. ) • _____, 2000. "Social Justice and the Distribution of Income," in ''Handbook of Income Distribution'', v. 1, Ch. 1, pp. (59-85 ). • _____, 2009. ''The Idea of Justice'', Harvard University Press. (Description ) and preview (link. )〕 Alternate approaches have treated combining concern for the worst off with economic efficiency, the notion of personal responsibility and (de)merits of leveling individual benefits downward, claims of intergenerational justice,〔Bertil Tungodden, 2008. "justice (new perspectives)," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,'' 2nd Edition. (Abstract. )〕 and other non-welfarist/Pareto approaches.〔Louis Kaplow, 2008. "Pareto principle and competing principles," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. (Abstract. )〕Justice is a subarea of social choice theory, for example as to extended sympathy,〔Kenneth J. Arrow, 1977. "Extended Sympathy and the Possibility of Social Choice," ''American Economic Review'', 67(1), pp. (219 )-225.〕 and more generally in the work of Arrow,〔Kenneth J. Arrow, 1983. ''Collected Papers of Kenneth J. Arrow'', v. 1, ''Social Choice and Justice'', (preview. )〕 Sen,〔• Amartya K. Sen, 1970 (). ''Collective Choice and Social Welfare'' ((description) ): :ch. 9, "Equity and Justice," pp. 131-51. :ch. 9 *, "Impersonality and Collective Quasi-Orderings," pp. 152-160. • _____, 1977. "Social Choice Theory: A Re-Examination," ''Econometrica'', 45(1), pp. (53-88. ) • _____, () 2008. "justice," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,'' 2nd Edition. (Abstract. ) • _____, 2009. ''The Idea of Justice'', Harvard University Press. (Description ) and scroll to chapter (Description ) and preview (link. )〕 and others.〔• Walter Bossert and John A. Weymark, 2008. "social choice (new developments)," ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics,'' 2nd Edition. (Abstract. ) • Charles Blackorby, Walter Bossert, and David Donaldson, 2002. "Utilitarianism and the Theory of Justice, ''Handbook of Social Choice and Welfare'', v. 1, ch. 11, pp. 543–596. (Abstract. )〕 A broad reinterpretation of justice from the perspective of game theory, social contract theory, and evolutionary naturalism is found in works of Ken Binmore (1994, 1998, 2004)〔• Ken Binmore. ''Game Theory and the Social Contract'' : 1994. v. 1. ''Playing Fair''. ( Description ) and scroll to chapter-preview (links. ) 1998. v. 2. ''Just Playing''. (Description ) and scroll to chapter-preview (links. ) • _____, 2004. ''Natural Justice''. (Description, review comments ), and scroll to chapter-preview (links. ) Oxford.〕 and others.〔• Thomas Nixon Carver, 1915. ''Essays in Social Justice''. Chapter (links ). • Jon Elster, 1989. "Social Norms and Economic Theory," ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 3(4), pp. (99-117. ) • Matthew Rabin, 1993. "Incorporating Fairness into Game Theory and Economics," ''American Economic Review'', 83(5), pp. (1281-1302. ) • Herbert Gintis, Joseph Henrich, Samuel Bowles, Robert Boyd, and Ernst Fehr, 2008. "Strong Reciprocity and the Roots of Human Morality," ''Social Justice Research'', 21(2), pp. (241-253 ).〕 Arguments on fairness as an aspect of justice have been invoked to explain a wide range of behavioral and theoretical applications,supplementing earlier emphasis on economic efficiency (Konow, 2003).〔James Konow, 2003. "Which Is the Fairest One of All? A Positive Analysis of Justice Theories," ''Journal of Economic Literature'', 41(4), pp. ( 1188-1239 ).〕 ==See also== * Constitutional economics * Cost-benefit analysis * Deadweight loss * Laffer curve * Taxation as theft * Social justice * Positive economics 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Justice (economics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|